近期经济观察

Global Market

The world economy has changed a lot since March when the Fed start to control the Inflation rate by increasing the federal fund rate, 4 times already.

The Global Market: The 4th FOMC meeting ended with a 75 bp FFR increase.

The disclosure of several giant firms’ interim statements helped recover the confidence in the US market. Powell states that the economy is not in a recession, and inflation did decrease to a certain extent, so the tight monetary policy did achieve a bit. The US market is at a high FFR rate level already, and the Inflation data start to go down, with the downward movement of crude oil prices. Therefore, the market started to expect a mild movement in the short future.

The foreign market underwent also some “magic” movement. Due to the hike in the US interest rate, money and capital flowed to the US market, appreciating the USD relative to other currencies. EURO went down to even close to one to one, w.r.t. USD. GBP and CNY depreciated to a large degree as well.

中国市场

此前提到,在Fed加息进程中,各国央行货币政策的独立性收到了压缩。与Fed背道而驰意味着,美国高利率会吸引capital/money向美国外流,从而使domestic country的资本被US榨取。

我国强外汇管制一定程度上削弱了Fed加息,对中国CB独立性的冲击。但是自2022年4月经济情况大幅衰弱,市场预期因上海疫情爆发达到极低点。当时我国CB为了刺激经济,降息放水,通过地方财政债务增加,为地方政府提杠杆(隐形&&||显性),以刺激我国经济。当时我国CB的操作明显与Fed背道而驰,在USD dominates的市场情况下,此番操作显然会导致资本外逃。因此我国CB的monetary policy空间有限。

8月中旬,7月份经济数据公布,其中包括社融数据。社融数据大幅低于预期,同比环比皆显著低。主要因我国CB的刺激政策在6月底经济预期反弹后逐渐退出。同时,各大金融机构半年指标周期结束,银行大幅放款的进程周期性结束。总的来说,7月数据显著低于预期是因为:原因一,社融数据于是6月底社融达到高点,银行向企业放款的能力达到一定极限,因此至9月均难以有显著改善(但11月/12月年底指标仍需达成,所以年底仍有数据增加的空间);原因二,政策刺激退出。政策刺激的推出是为了保证1. 我国CB货币政策还有一定的空间,2. 防止市场bubble。

目前真实市场情况,小微企业及小微经营主体接连倒闭,CB带来的流动性仍然无法有效投入到民营企业中(央企国企的确显著获得了流动性支持)。经济内循环难以有效建立,主要因为aggregate demand难以得到刺激。昨日8.15,CB开始再次通过货币刺激市场流动性,开始降MLF。

Chinese Econ is running into trouble, a bit pessimistic. There seems a systematic and structural problem that low aggregate demands in the market.

Key Takeaway:

  • Aggregate demand behaviours are acyclical, affecting inflation, and thus the policy makers’ target.
  • Chinese Market move behind the expectation, or I would say in other ways. Prob 1: The market has been generating wrong expectations and not quickly adjusting. Prob 2: In a relatively stable market, Institutional Players herd to manipulate prices to a certain degree.
  • I guess the market has recognised that if there are no effectively systematical changes, the market won’t get better in the long run.
  • 双循环中,内循环仍不畅通,可能原因1.早年间供给侧改革并无法刺激消费者的消费观念;2.经济理论角度,收入及预期低,无法带来消费。进出口拉动国内经济。
  • 国内多重风险,经济,国际间关系,包括社会(政治人物社会发言张某等)等为社会稳定带来负面影响。

Facts about Commodity Prices

Price cycles are highly synchronized across commodities

Energy, Metal, are Previous Metals are generally more volatile to global macro factors, while Agricultures and fertilisers are relatively stable.

In a word, commodity prices are highly correlated.

The commodity prices of some highly volatile commodities such as energy, metal, and precious metals are more likely to move in a similar way. For example, the increase in the crude oil price pushed up other commodities’ prices (inflation, or price level, is going higher as well, because the crude oil affects a large range of industries).

Global macroeconomic shocks have become the main source of commodity price volatility

Since 1996, global demand shocks have accounted for 50% of the variance of global commodity price growth, while global supply shocks accounted for about 20%.

We note that there are no obvious huge supply shocks after 1996. The market experienced the dot com bubble, the 2008 financial crisis, and the Covid pandemic.

Data shows that between 1970 and 1996, supply shocks dominate. During that period, the global market was exposed to the Oil Crisis in the 1970s.

In the current world, we may consider the Ukrian Russia Crisis causes a supply shock of energy commodities. Also, the de-globalisation process, trade protectionism, and increasing focus of sovereigns on metal resources are decreasing the supply and harming global transactions of those commodities.

The macroeconomic condition affects the commodity price in a significant way.

Global recessions have been accompanied by demand weakness and supply disruptions

In the recession, with demand weakness and supply disruption, the impacts on commodities may offset each over, but undoubtedly there is a decrease in the quantity needed and supplied. In 2020, these were offset by supply pressures resulting from widespread supply chain disruptions (in early 2020). Decrease in demand and disruption in supply offset their effects on the commodity price.

However, the price could definitely be volatile, and the effects would largely depend on whether the demand shock or the supply shock dominate. During global recessions, demand pressures on commodity prices were compounded by supply pressures specific to commodity markets (1975, 1991, 2020 late)

The recovery of commodity prices after recessions has been driven by an unwinding of supply or commodity market shocks and, since early 2000, also by rebounds in demand. Consistent with this, the surge in commodity prices in 2020-21 can be explained by a strong resurgence of demand, combined with unusually widespread supply bottlenecks.

The Monetary Factors are also needed to be taken into consideration. With more liquidity in the market, money would be used to chase those goods that are less likely to lose their value.

In The Recently World

Months before, the Ukraine-Russia war causes sanctions on crude oil and natural gas export from Russia, blocking the supply of those commodities to the EU. However, Europe is recovering from the pandemic, and thus has rigid demand for them. In the meantime, Quantity Easing by the U.S. release extra money into the market and push up the commodity price even further. Commodity prices went up.

Currently, the Fed announces that it will fight the inflation rate back to the 2% target, and thus increases the federal reserve rate with a schedule. Fed causes the panic of getting into recession. With that pessimism expectation, demand is expected to fall and commodity prices would fall.

Reference

https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/commodity-price-cycles-causes-and-consequences

有色金属产业链上下游关系

游原材料涨价是供给决定,下游是由需求决定。

  • Smiling Curve,附加值越大(可替代性越弱)则market power越大,定价能力越大 ==> 利润越大。于是Smiling Curve形成。
  1. 上游勘探开采,类似VC,高风险,高开采勘探难度 <=> 高收益。
  2. 中游可替代性弱,利润低。
  3. 下游,用中间产品生产产成品,大量技术科技附件,专利成本累计等带来相对高不可替代性 ==> 高利润 (取决于产品是否有不可替代性)。
  • 上游
  1. 供应链角度:此前疫情原因矿山停产(or if 上游价低导致上游停产后造成的供不应求endogenous原因)导致上游产能受exogenous factor影响而降低,供给减少。上游原材料价格上升。P.S. 双碳导致国内矿山开采减少,大多向海外开新矿产资源,成本风险高(部分压缩上游利润,部分把价格高传导至中游下游)
  2. 国际经济情况同时对上游有直接影响。如:放水or高不确定性orCompetitive Goods(crude oil) price上升等因素带来的commodity price提升会传导至上游有色金属原材料价格 through e.g. imports。因为中国对大多有色金属矿为净进口e.g. lithium
  3. 还需考虑国际进出口限制,关税,国别风险等
  4. 附加值角度见上:游勘探开采,类似VC,高风险,高开采勘探难度 <=> 高收益。
  5. P.S. Why上游高收益。前期勘探等成本虽大,但是勘探后项目落成后,勘探的成本会归于Fixed Assets or COGS中。矿山开采时,成本仅为员工费&设备使用等,也就意味着开采时成本较低且较固定(COGS+D&A为固定成本,人员燃料等为可变成本占比较小),此时早期勘探的成本会分摊or摊销到COGS+exp中。进入开采阶段时,如果Price提升,那么Gross Profit大,因为rev大,cogs(开采成本小)。Gross Profit – Dep&Amot (包含勘探成本)得到的金额相对调回。但是实际上,Dep&Amot支出并非当期cash outflow,所以当矿山进入开采阶段后,gross profit会显著增大。
  • 中游
  1. 冶炼or加工,产品附加值小。中游难以拥有议价能力,上游价格提升会使中游利润进一步压缩。
  2. 中游议价能力低导致受上游挤压,同时受下游挤压。
  3. 较上游,矿山勘探等周期30-36months,而中游建厂到生产仅需要10-12months。这导致了1.上下来供应链错配,导致了有色行业的周期性。2. 中游可替代性低,entrants in, and imcumbants earn less=>利润低。
  • 下游
  1. 下游企业受制于市场,price rigidity导致价格弹性相对小,因为下游终端消费者价格敏感。导致企业不敢随意加价。
  2. 同时下游存在直接与消费者的供需关系,考虑industrial organisation,考虑消费意愿下降(中国存款结构,历史文化原因)。
  3. 品牌、服务、技术带来的不可替代性带来溢价。

P.S. Industrial Organisation all the way

  • Trafigura模式。交易商

$$ROE=\frac{NI}{Equity}=\frac{NI}{Revenue}\times\frac{Rev}{Asset}\times\frac{Assets}{Equity}$$

$$ROE=Profit Rate \times Assets Turnovers \times Leverage$$

  1. 因为模式为trading,所以难以避免高成本高收入仅赚流转费用,=> Profit Rate低。
  2. 但是Assets Turnover大,因为交易量大
  3. Leverage大,

==>1虽小,但是2&3大,使得整体ROE大。

2大的基础在于规模大,3大的基础在于与银行保持好的关系 && 有足够的流动资产来帮助企业提高评级获得银行带来的更多流动资金需求。

美国关税对汇率的影响

近期美国Biden政府比表示正在研究是否取消部分对中国出口商品加征的关税(自Trump政府遗留,交运设备占大多)。Biden及Fed表示强烈的态度去控制通胀,取消关税可能是去降低通胀的方式之一。

关税对汇率的影响路径

  • Way 1: Through Price

Domestric country Foreign country两国。F对D为净进口,降低关税意味着进口商品价格降低,=> CPI降低 (通胀降低)。其中进口商品价格下降会带动:1. 最终消费品价格下降,2. 中间品价格下降,3. Competitive Goods价格下降(此部分的影响占大多)。

同时根据Law of One Price,

$$ForeignCurrency = Domestic Currency \times Exchange Rate$$

因CPI of F降低,LHS降低,而Domestic Currency不变,导致Exchange Rate降低,降低比例与Foreign Currency降低比率相同。

  • Way 2: Through Quantity

F买D价格降低,对D进口需求增加,无论支付Foreign Currency还是Domestic Currency都会带来Foreign Currency供给增加or Domestic Currency需求增加,==> Foreign Currency Depreciates & Domestic Currency Appreciates

箭头中期会议

政策与市场“偏离”的原因

event study: t+1显著正,t+0及其他后续不显著

  1. 政策制定周期长,
  2. 政策落地存在最后一公里的问题
  3. 政策反馈机制在建立,问责机制在加强

导致政策实施到落地存在距离,可能会有与预期的差距

且并非所有政策都有明确指向性,可能有偶然性等

美联储加息的下半场

财政对疫情的支持率先退出。大概半年后fed退出支持,转而紧缩

目前fed预期控制inflation,但是此时us经济尚好,若us经济周期步入减弱周期,fed压力会加大。因此fed预期要在recession来临之前尽快加息控制inflation。5、6、7三个月连续50bp加息后,预期fed会判断是否继续加息。

欧洲央行:taper结束后预期也会加息,效仿fed节奏。

US商品预期增长(原油120以上)

近期经济观察

李杨

  • 资产负债表分析:
  1. Phase 1: B/S缩水:经济下行,资产缩水,但是负债保持不变
  2. Phase2: 企业还债压力增大,企业期望最小化负债,减少融资成本,因此变卖资产还债
  3. Phase3: 经济保持低迷,企业变卖资产导致资产价格进一步降低,企业无生产能力(资产减少)动力(需求低迷,生产导致库存增加)。因此对debt需求减少。 但是此阶段,央行出售,希望通过货币政策条款市场热度,降低利率,释放流动性。政策传导至银行:银行放debt,企业不借debt,宽货币紧信用。
  • 通过Phase123,导致了危机中市场的周期。1. 企业先有反应,B/S缩表。2. 央行放水。3. 银行放debt,企业不借debt ==>市场底部形成(见最后一个heading)。4. 最后市场缓和(经济向好发展的是否需要决定性技术发展支撑?还是仅通过财政货币即可帮助。)
  • 面对危机,日本近30年的对策(日本模式尚可,保持经济未崩溃,但经济整体热度不高):
  1. 长期政府赤字,债务高企
  2. 大规模基建,政府投资(大多为地方政府投资,不同于我国,地方政府财政收入堪忧。因为经济下行税收减少,地产亦处于艰难阶段,土地转让金收入低。地方政府举步维艰。
  3. 货币政策长期保持低利率
  • 中国政策 (2008年4万亿刺激计划,实际不足4万亿,而是2年间同花1.2万亿)
  • 尚有政策发力空间。但是货币政策效果不显著,见Phase3,且内循环建立困难,需求无法顺畅。因此需要财政政策走向前台,需要有类似4万亿的计划,态度,及安排。(坚定的态度可以参考transparent monetary policy对市场预期的作用)
  • 我国进出口结构失衡,随净出口,但是净出口大都向美国,对欧洲等国家为净进口

大国博弈对我国的影响(阎学通 清华国际关系研究院院长)

  • 竞争者谁?
  1. 两个竞争者: 中美 (两极格局)。格局指国际关系的结构
  2. 但中美之间实力差距还很大,中国在向美国突破(甲级和乙级)
  3. 对美国而言,俄罗斯不再是主要竞争者,而向叙利亚伊朗等是主要战争威胁,唯一的竞争者是中国。
  • 竞争什么?
  1. 竞争权力(资源)
  2. 竞争领域:地缘+网络。地缘战略:俄罗斯是优势。但是网络战略:俄罗斯是劣势(受欧美网络舆论等主导)。最终总结出优势:数字技术竞争才能带来优势,比较优势成本优势覆盖面扩大等。P.S. 俄乌战争的胜负对国际格局没有大影响,因为世界主要竞争者是中美,其双方战争不能颠覆中美关系。竞争规则:不进行打击(网络竞争)。若不进行打击(不直接导致死人),竞争者即可以进行网络竞争 – 规则更新(数字时代大国战略规则)。
  • 竞争的战略?
  1. 美国合作,中国自主(独立产业链系统,内循环,统一大市场)。因为数字经济的核心是消费,要建立国内市场机制。数字经济依托消费,没有市场消费,就无法增长
  2. 竞争的路径:数字技术创新 – 靠人才。不止吸引华人,也要吸引有创新能力的外国人。P.S. 此条涉及到第一点,美国通过合作吸纳世界人才,中国需要想办法吸引or发掘人才。
  3. 竞争手段:美国:俱乐部模式。中国:双循环模式。P.S. 美国继续开放市场吸纳世界人才,中国搞内循环建立内部市场
  • De-Globalisation

De-Globalisation趋势形成。国际社会对我国的影响将会越来越弱。

  • 目前中美关系恶化到了比72年还糟(72年甚至无中美外交)的情况。72年后中美媒体不再点名批评对方领导人,但是自特朗普上台后再次开始对对方领导人言语攻击,同时老百姓也开始言语攻击。

陈果

  • 一二季度疫情冲击消费下滑,企业库存提升,因此企业投资减少信贷减少,降价甩货去库存,导致企业利润减少。(偏中上游需要有高库存的企业)
  • 总体经济有所恢复,但是具体恢复情况需要二季度(半年)经济数据出台。市场大概率已反映了复工预期,但是并没有经济向好预期,因此市场大概率保持震荡。
  • 宏观流动性偏宽松,货币政策发力。P.S. 但货币政策发力效果不足预期,财政需出手
  • 北向资金开始回流,同比显著弱,预期外资对市场影响偏小。
  • 成长牛的微观基础在于存量腾挪
  • 看涨1. 中期消费,由供给支撑(锂、煤炭、石油石化)而非需求支出。2. 汽车中长期看涨。3. 数字经济。

市场底部判断

purely基于历史数据:万得全A 跌至 M2的1/563

万得全A代表A股加权平均,M2代表市场流动性

Ref: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/O4GDaUbqSGYwAseQnsNC8A

对近期经济金融形势的观察与研判

中国货币政策总体上具有自主性

首先分享下我对全球长期国债利率、各国汇率、主要权益市场指数的观察,并重点分析我国金融市场在过去几个月的表现。

近期美元一篮子指数大幅上升,美国十年期国债利率一度突破3%,涨幅非常大,在此背景下,德国、法国、意大利十年期国债利率也显著上升。其中意大利涨幅最大,其次是法国,德国也从负利率上行到接近1%的利率水平。日本目前基本没有通货膨胀压力,央行货币政策也没有紧缩的苗头或倾向,但日本十年期国债利率上升幅度超过20BP,从零利率或负利率上涨到0.25%-0.3%的利率水平。相应地,欧元对美元明显贬值,但日元对美元贬值的幅度显著更大。

从全球主要市场来看,欧洲、日本的经济周期与美国很不同步,特别是日本与美国经济周期的差别更大。同时,日元的自由浮动和大幅贬值也给本国金融市场提供了缓冲和保护,尽管日本央行对长期国债利率也做出了强有力的承诺,但日本长期国债利率仍上升了20-30BP。

回到中国,近期人民币对美元汇率从6.3左右开始贬值,最低点甚至接近6.8,应该说也出现了短时间较为剧烈的贬值。考虑到中美经济周期和货币政策取向的差异,这并不意外。但值得注意的是,近期中国长期国债利率大体稳定,中短端利率,包括七天回购利率、一年期国债利率的下行趋势则非常明显。需要进一步考虑的因素是地缘政治风险导致资本从中国债券市场流出的冲击。俄乌冲突后的一段时间内,中国债券市场出现了一定程度的外资净流出现象。在其他因素不变的条件下,这无疑倾向于抬高中国的利率水平。换句话说,如果没有俄乌冲突,尽管发生了美联储加息和人民币贬值,中国债券市场利率的下行应该更明显。

从全球来看,人民币贬值在一定程度上受到美联储加息的影响。但从国债利率走向来看,相比日本、德国、法国和意大利,中国国债利率的变化与自身经济变化的联系可能更加紧密。

对此,一个重要的解释是,中国金融市场开放度还不太高,再加上人民币汇率自由浮动所提供的保护,货币政策具有较强的自主性,因此在全球主要市场利率上行时,人民币国债利率不仅没有随美元利率上升,而且短端利率还出现明显下沉。

这也进一步反映出,本轮人民币贬值在一定程度上反映着中国经济景气下行的影响。

疫情反复导致储蓄率上,升居民投资倾向趋于保守

其次是对疫情下储蓄率变化及储蓄流向的观察。

2020年和2022年两次疫情均带来居民储蓄率的大幅上升其中一部分来自非意愿储蓄的上升,因为疫情会阻碍消费;另一部分则来自预防性储蓄的上升,这体现出居民对不确定性的担忧。

2020年居民部门户调储蓄率上升最高一度达到5%-6%,2022年这一数值迄今可能接近3%。值得关注的是,储蓄率上升后,多余的储蓄资金会流向何处?

2020年疫情暴发,市场经历了一个月的短暂恐慌后,储蓄主要流向了股票和房地产市场,直接结果就是股票在短暂下跌后,快速、大幅地上升;房地产市场也出现购销两旺的局面,房价显著上升。

迄今为止,本轮疫情下的储蓄似乎有三个主要流向一是储蓄存款,表现为M2的快速上涨。二是固定收益和固定收益+市场。因此,近期在基本面没有明显变化的情况下,信用利差开始缩小,信用债涨幅较好,各等级市场的信用风险溢价都在下行。三是减少负债。居民部门将储蓄用于削减自身负债,通过提前偿还、加大住房贷款偿还量等方式,降低自身杠杆。

这种情况与2020年形成了鲜明对比,反映出居民对就业安全和未来收入的信心出现动摇。

提振市场主体长期信心保持政策预期的稳定性

最后是对中国权益市场的观察。

从全球权益市场指数来看,目前纳斯达克指数跌幅超过30%,标普指数跌幅超过20%,中国创业板、沪深300指数的跌幅与之相比大体接近。但是如果把中国股票市场放在自身历史和全球金融市场的大背景下,有两个问题十分突出。

第一,中国股市在货币政策和流动性没有明显收紧的背景下,股指下跌幅度较显著,这在过去20多年的历史中尚属首次。第二,从全球市场来看,中国股指跌幅比日股、欧股更大。但美日欧显然都受到联储货币紧缩的影响,其债券市场也在下跌。而中国的债券市场则不然,市场的下跌有更深层次的原因。

实际上,从2月份开始我们都已经知道,用自由现金流贴现法的分析框架来观察,中国股市下跌的原因并非来自模型的分母端,即利率等因素,也不是来自于对短期盈利变化的担忧,尽管这有一些影响。市场的主要担忧来自于分子端,对长期现金流增长的可得性和确定性的预期转弱

一个可能的解释是,经过连续几年的上涨,市场部分板块估值过高,透支了未来的盈利增长,在没有明显诱因的条件下,股价由于自身重力的作用在某个时刻下跌。一个竞争性的解释是,由于宏观政策和监管环境的变化,部分行业未来的可见度下降,增长潜力和确定性都出现新的变数。我们相信这两种解释可能并行不悖,后一因素的解释对市场总体上来说也许更重要一些。

立足底线思维,警惕金融市场出现“完美风暴”风险

立足底线思维警惕金融市场出现“完美

在此背景下,对当前形势做两点研判。

第一,3月中旬到4月底,面对内外错综复杂的经济金融形势,决策层释放了了一系列强有力的政策信号,具体政策层面也开始出现调整迹象。从交易的角度来看,市场似乎正在稳定下来。市场稳定的含义指的是,市场也许已完全吸收、甚至过度吸收了上述负面影响因素;与此同时,市场正试探性地对政府正在采取的积极政策进行评估和定价。

也就是说,至少从股票市场来看,市场正边际好转,并正在尝试消化吸收正向因素。不过,政策的落地情况等仍然牵制着市场的方向,也需要警惕出现预期外的因素导致市场可能再次剧烈调整。

第二,立足于底线思维来考虑:由于中外周期走向的背离,在极端情况下,一方面美元快速升值使得人民币承压;另一方面,经济下行或许会导致国内出现超预期的风险暴露,引发资本外流。如果这两种情况同时发生,可能会导致股债汇全面下跌,相互激荡,并进一步传染到信贷和房地产市场,从而形成“完美风暴”这种可能性尽管不高,但无疑值得警惕

原作者:高善文

Notes 清华五道口首席经济学家论坛

Ray Dalio – Mainly about the Book “Principle”.

Three Big Issues. March 1933 & 1971
  • 1. Big Debt and Debt Monetisation, Particularly in the World’s Leading Reserve Currency.

Debts Were Raised in the Crisis but were unable to be ended after. The CB, thus, print money to repay those debts.

  • 2. Internal Conflicts over Wealth and Values Gaps
  • 3. The Rise of a Great Power (China) to Challenge the Existing Great Power (US) and Existing World Order, Leading to External Conflicts.

Eight Factors are used to evaluate the movement of dominant countries: Education Innovation and Tech, Competitiveness, Output, Trade, Military, and Monetary.

Q&A

中国需要管理跨境资本流动以避免风险 & 同时要担忧金融制裁,所以加速数字货币,放在被进行贸易制裁。

世纪经济金融与全球秩序的展望

林毅夫 – 新结构经济学:新兴经济市场 – 后入者优势(copy paste),而previous dominant需要持续发展创新以维护it’s dominant place。Or battle through the other way, such as the military. 中国需要保持:1. 开放的态度 <– 作为全球化的推动者 (继续保持8%左右的增长,占全球GDP增长量的1/4,助力全球经济的发展)中国的增长会是其他(非美国)国家的机会;2. 动态的经济发展、避免战争风险希望历史进程以和平的方式推进,但是参考历史,战争的风险很大。

刘世锦:1. 绿色转型 <– 换技术; 2. 应对气候变化的压力 <– 对创新的需求。如对新能源汽车的需求远远超预期。;3. 创新使应对气候变化的成本大幅下降;4. 气候变化带来的技术与数字化转型紧密相关,传统经济与数字经济并行的局面已经出现。重心需要向绿色技术倾斜,由世界各国公认的目标需求而导向。

余永定:货币政策,+储备货币。布雷顿森林体系瓦解后,美元依旧保持信用,。而现今,美元的地位由需求带来。我国目前有3.3万亿美元外汇储备,而外汇储备收益率极低,且有大多是借来的而非由贸易顺差创造的,此部分成本极高。我国海外资产结构存在结构性问题(成本高收益低),尽管在当前如俄乌战争时分散海外资产投资亦有风险,但是将海外投资转移向如阿美股权投资等方式更加有效。 目前政策需求下,1. 长期保持贸易顺差未必好,因为国内内循环中缺少内需。2. 考虑取消为鼓励出口执行的退税政策。3. 考虑增加战略物资储备。4. 不再购买美国国债,而是转为购买美国产品import。5. 考虑贸易逆差用掉多余的外汇储备。6. 坚持浮动汇率制度,减少干预。7. 维持必要的资本管制,抑制热钱流入和资本外逃。8. 增加海外投资(将贸易顺差转为海外投资)。9. 在海外投资中小心陷阱,维持国际收支平衡。

李稻葵:以人均寿命为测度,谈疫情控制。消费下降1%,人均寿命减少10天,不抗疫人均寿命减少10天。无其他有效内容。

Q&A:

Q: 中国如何能不重蹈日本的覆辙?

林:判断国家发展时,要有怎样的标准。日本56年人均在美国20%左右,维持9%增长。95年GDP达美国70%,人均已经超过美国,相当于平均劳动生产率比美国还高。此时,追求发展,需要自己创新以继续带动经济发展,难。故自此95年后,gdp增长仅2%。此后夹杂 crisis+人口结构问题,日本发展进入停止。而我国目前人均gdp仅达美国20%水平,同时潜在增长率(林的衡量指标)有很大空间。如何避免日本道路:避免人口老龄化,技术创新产业升级 => 带来足够的潜在增长率。

Q: 俄乌冲突+绿色转型=》能源安全危机。我国如何平衡能源安全问题与绿色转型的需求?

刘:对未来做合理规划,加快绿色转型(当技术成型后即不会影响增长,反而会加快,仅在前期会小幅度阻碍增长)。

Q: 人民币成为国际货币的过程中需要资本账户自由开放。我国何时能做好这个准备?

余:学者对于资本账户开发的定义不一,需要具体问题具体分析。余的观点,需要保守,暂时不开放(回想2years till now, 如果已开放,我国面对pandemic会有更大的风险)。但是原则上讲,在向开放的方式进发。

近期经济观察 – U.S. Trade Deficits

The Fed increase the federal fund rate and resulting in an increase in the nominal interest rate in the U.S. market. The U.S. dollar becomes more and more attractive to global investors due to mainly two reasons. One is that the U.S. dollar behaves as the safety currency (detailed reasonings are shown in the previous posts), and the other is that the increase in the interest rate attracts money from other countries to be invested in the U.S. market.

U.S. dollar gets appreciated for the above two reasons, and thus the U.S. faces an increase in trade deficits. For the aggregate U.S. market, imports are way more than exports. However, those extra imports are clearly paid through the U.S. dollar or exchanged with other currencies (but shared with the same logic as paid with USD). And that extra amount of US dollar is from the helicopter drops and QE of the Fed. That means the extra US dollars back with nothing, but are used to purchase/import assets from other countries. Right! it do not need to be backed by other in the current economy (Also, MMT advocates even crazy).

I am telling that those facts are equivalent to that the U.S. is getting net imports from other countries for free. Also, the U.S. is sending its “worthless” extra currency to others, exchanging goods and services. Productions are not working in a good way for those exporting countries in the battle with the pandemic.

Due to the fact that the US dollar is the safest currency, the extra printed amount is absorbed by other countries that get net exports to the U.S. Those other countries export goods and services and import back inflation. There are also countries that conduct QE in a similar rhythm to the U.S. would face even higher inflation intuitively, because the US dollar is the safest one and the only one linked with crude oil and commonly accepted in commodities trading but other countries’ currencies are not.

Fed放水,释放美元供给,按quantity theory of money的说法:people hoard money instead of spending them。但是现实中, hyperinflation comes later than the theory tells。原因可以部分可以参考MMT。同时美元作为 1. 最safest的货币,且 2. 与石油挂钩,并未大宗商品交易的主要媒介,仍然有很大的需求。导致虽然市场上美元供给增加了,但是因为紧张的国际关系、俄乌战争、de-globalisation、pandemic的影响,以及上述两条原因,市场上对美元仍有大量需求,导致inflation没有立刻到来。

但是,大量printed US dollar实际上并没有real goods\ productions or services的支持,很多出口商品的他国公司获得美元(or other currencies, but similar as holding USD)交付(美国import,其他国家export),这里的美元只能用来交易且为extra美元。相当于是Fed pays nothing印的钱,买了real goods。这些出口国家失去了商品、产能、and factors,得到了USD,相当于得到了nothing but inflation,由美国extra money printed 带来的 inflation。

同时一些国家与美国同步QE印钱,执行类似的monetary policy降息,为了保证foreign exchange相对稳定。但是这些国家的货币并非如同USD一样highly demanded。所以这些国家的货币难以与美元继续peg,脱钩后会引入even higher inflation。

Implications:自主货币政策(而非peg)的重要性;外汇储备以应对紧急 外汇、国际经济(如利差倒挂)情况的重要性;以及外汇市场中globalisation情况变化下的monetary policy的重要性。

Merrill Lynch Investment Clock

The Merrill Lynch Investment Clocks describe a framework for understanding the business cycle.

The Merrill Lynch clock separates the business cycle into four phases. Each phase is comprised of the direction of growth and inflation relative to their trends.

1. Reflation – 萧条

After stagflation, people are frustrated and have low confidence in investing.

Both the GDP growth and inflation are falling or lower than the trend. The stocks are suffering in a bear market but bonds suppose to be the most welcomed asset because of the generous monetary and fiscal support from governments and central banks (bail-out, cutting rates, and stimulus programs).

Jan 2020 till Apr 2020, the pandemic flowed globally. Governments of each country conducted policies of lockdowns. The economy was blocked, and the unemployment rate increased. A recession began globally.

  • Low Growth and Low Inflation
  • Bonds are attractive

2. Recovery – 复苏

Investors’ confidence has built up / recovered.

Growth starts to back on track while inflation still remains low. Stocks regain attraction with very attractive valuation and improving earnings. It is, of course, the most favorable asset at this stage.

From May 2020 to Feb 2021, the Central Banks and Fiscal Divisions of each country placed monetary policies and fiscal policies, aiming to boost the economy. A huge amount of money was pooled into the market. QE and Helicopter Drops were conducted and resulted in an increase of M2, about 10% in the European market, and 25.7% in the U.S. Meanwhile, the interest rate hit the floor. Banks with extra money reserves holding started to actively search for clients with the demand for money.

The good thing is money went to the market and smoothed the economy. The recession gets reversed a little bit. However, bad things happened at the same time that (1). individuals and firms held extra money. That fact raised people’s expectation of inflation, and thus invested their extra holding of money into stock markets, pushing an increase in the index; (2). Firms with not good financial and operating conditions were also granted credits and debts. Potential default probabilities increased.

  • High Growth, and Low Inflation (but expected inflation increased)
  • Stocks are attractive.
  • P.S. Bitcoins are even more attractive, coz the limited supply and even more sensitive than stocks.

3. Overheat

Growth reaches its peak and slows down and inflation is rising. (does it sound familiar if you follow these days’ headlines?) Both stocks and bonds won’t perform well, but betting on commodities will be a proliferating and profitable strategy.

The economy got overheated, and the economy was still speedily moving until reaching a peak. After achieving the top, growth got slower.

The expected inflation in the recovery stage transferred to a true increase in inflation with high CPI. Investors started to be unconfident and started to pursue safety assets, which are necessities such as commodities (metals and crude oil).

  • High Growth and High Inflation.
  • Commodities are attractive.

4. Stagflation

Inflation is way out of control and that severely hurts consumer confidence. Central banks are forced to hike rates, and stocks, as one of the leading indicators of the economy, have already fallen. However, this stage of the cycle doesn’t happen that often in the last few decades, thanks to Fed’s “remarkable” economic interference policy, which is to print out enormous money to stimulate the economy meanwhile artificially setting interest rates low to control the inflation (however we just don’t know how long it could last). Flying to safety assets, cash is the best choice given the circumstance.

  • The Fed’s policy works not bad because the U.S. dollar links with crude oil, and becomes one of the “safety assets”. However, other countries do not have that “lucky” chance.
  • Low Growth and High Inflation.
  • Even the U.S. Dollar is not safe enough, so people change to hold cash.

Reference

https://www.zhihu.com/question/284396767/answer/1745335386?utm_source=wechat_session&utm_medium=social&utm_oi=774013724896788480&utm_content=group1_Answer&utm_campaign=shareopn

https://medium.com/@richardhwlin/how-does-investment-clock-work-c7d8fbbeb7bd